World view life and works of Georg Orwell
توضیحات
این یک مونوگراف تکمیل بوده که دارای پرپوزل هم میباشد شما میتوانید با پیام گذاشتن در وتسپ ما آن را دریافت کنید
وتسپ:۰۷۹۹۱۱۸۸۳۱
مونوگراف به صورت تضمینی بوده که نیاز به تغیرات ندارد و قبلا دفاع و ارایه شده است
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Chapter One - Biographies of George Orwell
Orwell's will requested that no biography of him be written, and his widow, Sonia Brownell, repelled every attempt by those who tried to persuade her to let them write about him. Various recollections and interpretations were published in the 1950s and 1960s, but Sonia saw the 1968 Collected Works[192] as the record of his life. She did appoint Malcolm Muggeridge as official biographer, but later biographers have seen this as deliberate spoiling as Muggeridge eventually gave up the work.[288] In 1972, two American authors, Peter Stansky and William Abrahams,[289] produced The Unknown Orwell, an unauthorised account of his early years that lacked any support or contribution from Sonia Brownell.[290]
Sonia Brownell then commissioned Bernard Crick, a professor of politics at the University of London, to complete a biography and asked Orwell's friends to co-operate.[291] Crick collated a considerable amount of material in his work, which was published in 1980,[113] but his questioning of the factual accuracy of Orwell's first-person writings led to conflict with Brownell, and she tried to suppress the book. Crick concentrated on the facts of Orwell's life rather than his character, and presented primarily a political perspective on Orwell's life and work.[292]
After Sonia Brownell's death, other works on Orwell were published in the 1980s, particularly in 1984. These included collections of reminiscences by Coppard and Crick[191] and Stephen Wadhams.[24]
In 1991, Michael Shelden, an American professor of literature, published a biography.[32] More concerned with the literary nature of Orwell's work, he sought explanations for Orwell's character and treated his first-person writings as autobiographical. Shelden introduced new information that sought to build on Crick's work.[291] Shelden speculated that Orwell possessed an obsessive belief in his failure and inadequacy.[293]
Peter Davison's publication of the Complete Works of George Orwell, completed in 2000,[294] made most of the Orwell Archive accessible to the public. Jeffrey Meyers, a prolific American biographer, was first to take advantage of this and published a book in 2001[295] that investigated the darker side of Orwell and questioned his saintly image.[291] Why Orwell Matters (released in the United Kingdom as Orwell's Victory) was published by Christopher Hitchens in 2002.[296]
In 2003, the centenary of Orwell's birth resulted in biographies by Gordon Bowker[297] and D. J. Taylor, both academics and writers in the United Kingdom. Taylor notes the stage management which surrounds much of Orwell's behaviour[9] and Bowker highlights the essential sense of decency which he considers to have been Orwell's main motivation.[298][299] In 2018 Ronald Binns published the first detailed study of Orwell's years in Suffolk, Orwell in Southwold.
1.2Early years
Orwell's birthplace in Motihari, Bihar, India.
Eric Arthur Blair was born on 25 June 1903 in Motihari, Bengal, British India into what he described as a "lower-upper-middle class" family.[6][7] His great-grandfather, Charles Blair, was a wealthy country gentleman and absentee owner of Jamaican plantations from Dorset who married Lady Mary Fane, daughter of the 8th Earl of Westmorland.[8] His grandfather, Thomas Richard Arthur Blair, was an Anglican clergyman, and Orwell's father was Richard Walmesley Blair, who worked as a Sub-Deputy Opium Agent in the Opium Department of the Indian Civil Service, overseeing the production and storage of opium for sale to China.[9][10][11][12] His mother, Ida Mabel Blair (née Limouzin), grew up in Moulmein, Burma, where her French father was involved in speculative ventures.[8] Eric had two sisters: Marjorie, five years older; and Avril, five years younger. When Eric was one year old, his mother took him and Marjorie to England.[13][n 1] In 2014 restoration work began on Orwell's birthplace and ancestral house in Motihari
In 1904, Ida Blair settled with her children at Henley-on-Thames in Oxfordshire. Eric was brought up in the company of his mother and sisters and, apart from a brief visit in mid-1907,[15] he did not see his father until 1912.[9] Aged five, Eric was sent as a day-boy to a convent school in Henley-on-Thames, which Marjorie also attended. It was a Roman Catholic convent run by French Ursuline nuns.[16] His mother wanted him to have a public school education, but his family could not afford the fees. Through the social connections of Ida Blair's brother Charles Limouzin, Blair gained a scholarship to St Cyprian's School, Eastbourne, East Sussex.[9] Arriving in September 1911, he boarded at the school for the next five years, returning home only for school holidays. Although he knew nothing of the reduced fees, he "soon recognised that he was from a poorer home".[17] Blair hated the school[18] and many years later wrote an essay "Such, Such Were the Joys", published posthumously, based on his time there. At St Cyprian's, Blair first met Cyril Connolly, who became a writer and who, as the editor of Horizon, published several of Orwell's essays
Before the First World War, the family moved to Ship lake, Oxford shire, where Eric became friendly with the Bodycam family, especially their daughter Jacintha. When they first met, he was standing on his head in a field. Asked why, he said, "You are noticed more if you stand on your head than if you are right way up."[20] Jacintha and Eric read and wrote poetry, and dreamed of becoming famous writers. He said that he might write a book in the style of Wels’s A Modern Utopia. During this period, he also enjoyed shooting, fishing and birdwatching with Jacintha's brother and sister
While at St Cyprian's, Blair wrote two poems that were published in the Henley and South Oxford shire Standard.[21][22] He came second to Connolly in the Harrow History Prize, had his work praised by the school's external examiner, and earned scholarships to Wellington and Eton. But inclusion on the Eton scholarship roll did not guarantee a place, and none was immediately available for Blair. He chose to stay at St Cyprian's until December 1916, in case a place at Eton became available
In January, Blair took up the place at Wellington, where he spent the Spring term. In May 1917 a place became available as a King's Scholar at Eton. At this time the family lived at Mall Chambers, Notting Hill Gate. Blair remained at Eton until December 1921, when he left midway between his 18th and 19th birthday. Wellington was "beastly", Blair told Jacintha, but he said he was "interested and happy" at Eton.[23] His principal tutor was A. S. F. Gow, Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, who also gave him advice later in his career.[9] Blair was briefly taught French by Aldous Huxley. Steven Runciman, who was at Eton with Blair, noted that he and his contemporaries appreciated Huxley's linguistic flair.[24] Cyril Connolly followed Blair to Eton, but because they were in separate years, they did not associate with each other
خلاصه تحقیق
The purpose of this monograph is to explore motivation and encourages the learners to study and know about Literary works, novels politics critics, modern culture and lifestyle and we learn about past happenings and their behaviors
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