World view life and works of Georg Washington

توضیحات

 این یک مونوگراف تکمیل بوده شما میتوانید با پیام گذاشتن به وتسپ ما آن را دریافت کنید

وتسپ:۰۷۹۹۱۱۸۸۳۱

مونوگراف به صورت تضمینی بوده که نیاز به تغیرات ندارد و قبلا دفاع شده است

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1.1 Bibliography

George Washington (1732-1799) was born and grew up in rural Virginia, at a time when it was a royal colony with British traditions of government by aristocracy and an economy based, on growing and exporting tobacco. His father's early death interrupted George's formal education. He became a professional surveyor in his late teens but soon thereafter turned to military service as a way to realize his ambitions. As a soldier he demonstrated enough courage and decisiveness to become the commander of the Virginia troops that defended the state's western frontier during the French and Indian War.   

He also established himself as a successful tobacco planter at the family plantation, Mount Vernon, married Martha Dandridge Cutis, and won election to the Virginia House of Burgesses. Washington had nothing to gain from the American Revolution, at least in a material sense. He had achieved both wealth and fame as a British subject in colonial Virginia. Yet he was among the first to raise the possibility of armed resistance and accepted command of the Continental Army. He served for the eight and a half years of the Revolution without pay. Though his army was inexperienced, often outnumbered, and poorly supplied, Washington was able to avoid defeat, wear down the British forces, and eventually achieve victory. With independence secured in 1783 by a peace treaty with Britain, Washington appeared before Congress and publicly resigned his military position, returning to Mount Vernon a private citizen of the new nation. His plantation had suffered greatly during his absence and the war. In 1787 Washington's concerns about the disintegration of the nation prompted him to serve as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia. He presided over the convention, and his support was key to ratification of the newly proposed Constitution.   

 In 1789, Washington was inaugurated first president of the United States. He served two terms, guiding the new government through the organization of the executive branch, founding the nation's capital, Washington, D.C., opening the west for settlement, and establishing precedents that have influenced the conduct of succeeding presidents ever since. He left the presidency in 1797, following the election of John Adams, and again returned to Mount Vernon. Washington briefly returned to public life when President Adams asked him to take command of the army in anticipation of possible war with France. Hedged at Mount Vernon in December 1799When the name “George Washington” is mentioned, many people think of him as the person that chopped down a cherry tree and could not lie about doing that. Others remember him as an outstanding General during the French and Indian War and the American Revolution. Some will connect him with being the first President of the United States. It is interesting to look at some of the lesser known things that George Washington did during his life. Washington very much loved his home at Mt. Vernon. There he enjoyed farming the land and caring for his livestock. Obviously, being in war and serving as President kept him away from Mt. Vernon. Even though he was away frequently, he kept in close touch with those at Mt. Vernon about what was happening on the farm.   

In Colonial times, many American farmers planted tobacco as a cash crop and then were able to sell it to England and purchase items that were not available in America. Washington discovered that growing tobacco year after year, took the nutrients out of the soil. So many nutrients were removed by tobacco that the land would have to be left unplanted for 20 years in order to replenish itself. That is a very long time to leave land unproductive.  

Washington wanted America to be able to “feed” herself and he knew growing tobacco was not the best crop to grow. Over the years, Washington tried a

variety of fertilizers - manure (from cows, pigs, sheep, horses), green manure, creek mud, and fish heads to see which ones made the soil most productive. His diaries show how he kept exact details on what he did and how the soil responded. By rotating the crops and applying manure, Washington was able to keep his soil productive.  

The first biography of the first president is the largely fictional work by Parson Mason Locke Weems, The Life of George Washington, with Curious Anecdotes Equally Honorable to Himself and Exemplary to His Young Countrymen (1800). The first serious and sound study is John Marshall, The Life of George Washington (5 vols., 1804–1807); the next is Henry Cabot Lodge, George Washington (2 vols., 1889); followed by Paul Leicester Ford, The True George Washington (1898); Rupert Hughes, George Washington (3 vols., 1926–1930); and John C. Fitzpatrick, George Washington Himself (1933). All these works are extremely favorable. The first of a debunking sort, on which other writers of potboilers still draw, is W. E. Woodward, George Washington: The Image and the Man (1926), which depicts him as venal, fraudulent, crooked, and stupid. The more or less definitive study is Douglas South all Freeman, George Washington: A Biography (7 vols., 1948–1957). Less knowledgeable but more readable is James Thomas Flexner, George Washington (4 vols., 1965–1972). A more recent biography is John E. Furling, The First of Men: A Life of George Washington (1988).

Useful special studies include Paul K. Longmire, The Invention of George Washington (1988); Samuel Eliot Morison, The Young George Washington (1932); Marcus Conifer, George Washington, Man and Monument (1958); Barry Schwartz, George Washington: The Making of an American Symbol (1987); Bernard Knollenberg, George Washington: The Virginia Period, 1732–1775 (1964) and Washington and the Revolution: A Reappraisal (1941); Edmund S. Morgan, The Genius of George Washington (1980); Forrest McDonald, The Presidency of George Washington (1974); and Richard Norton Smith, Patriarch: George Washington and the New American Nation (1993).

1.2 Love & Marriage

With his prestige enhanced by his military experiences and the potential of his land holdings vastly increased by bounties granted to officers and men of the Virginia Regiment (he owned 45,000 acres west of the mountains at his death), Washington returned to private life as a very eligible bachelor. On 6 January 1759 the twenty-six-year-old married Martha Dandridge Custis (1731-1802), the widow of Daniel Parke Custis, who had left her and their two children, John Parke and Martha Parke Custis, one of the greatest fortunes in Virginia. Washington was named their legal guardian two years later and devoted much time and energy over the next sixteen years managing the Custis estate. Also in 1761 he became the outright owner of Mount Vernon (which he expanded to about 7,300 acres by 1799) as his brother’s residual heir upon the death of Lawrence’s widow.

The master of Mount Vernon thus became one of the wealthiest planters in Virginia, and the next decade and a half of Washington’s life were probably his happiest years. Although he and Martha had no children of their own, the couple raised Martha’s children, and later two of her grandchildren, Eleanor and George Washington Parke Custis.   

Washington’s domestic life was a full one. Virginia plantation lords not only supervised agricultural operations and marketed a staple commodity (Washington began to shift the Mount Vernon farms over from the traditional tobacco crop to wheat, for which he built his own gristmill), managed an enslaved labor force (in Washington’s case, of about 274 blacks), and 

خلاصه تحقیق

Washington fought with British General Charles Cornwallis against the French and Indians and emerged from the First Continental Congress as the individual whom the colonists most trusted to lead them in their long, but ultimately successful, fight against the British during the Revolutionary War. Colonists often likened him to Cincinnatus, the Roman general who left his fields to fight on behalf of his country and then returned to his home

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